Determining the authenticity of a bronze sculpture requires a careful examination of several critical factors. First, the patina—the surface layer formed over time—should exhibit natural oxidation and weathering patterns. Artificial patinas often lack depth or show inconsistent coloration.

Second, alloy composition is a telltale sign. Authentic ancient bronzes typically contain copper, tin, and trace elements like lead or zinc, whereas modern reproductions may use different alloys. Scientific analysis, such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF), can reveal discrepancies.

Third, casting techniques matter. Traditional methods like lost-wax casting leave distinct marks, while modern industrial processes produce smoother, less organic surfaces. Examining seams, tool marks, and mold lines helps identify authenticity.

Finally, historical and stylistic context plays a role. Genuine pieces align with known artistic conventions of their era, while fakes may anachronistically mix styles. Provenance documentation and expert appraisal further solidify verification.

By combining these factors—patina, alloy, craftsmanship, and history—collectors and experts can confidently assess a bronze sculpture's authenticity.