Creating undercuts and complex geometries in bronze sculptures is a testament to an artist’s skill and patience. One of the most common methods is the lost-wax casting process, which allows for intricate designs. Artists begin by sculpting the original model in wax, where they can carve delicate undercuts and fine details. The wax model is then coated in a ceramic shell, and once hardened, the wax is melted away, leaving a mold. Molten bronze is poured into this mold, capturing every nuance of the original wax sculpture.

For particularly complex geometries, artists may use segmented molds or employ post-casting techniques like chasing and welding to refine details. Tools such as chisels, files, and grinders help smooth and perfect the surface. The final step often involves patination, where chemicals are applied to create unique colors and textures, enhancing the sculpture’s visual depth.

Mastering these techniques requires years of practice, but the result is breathtaking bronze artworks that defy the limitations of metal.