After a bronze sculpture is cast, the finishing process is crucial to enhance its visual appeal and longevity. Here are the most common techniques used by artists and foundries:

1. Chasing and Repoussé: This involves refining the surface by hammering and tooling to remove imperfections and add fine details.

2. Polishing: The sculpture is buffed with abrasives to achieve a smooth or reflective surface, often before patination.

3. Patination: Chemicals are applied to create a colored finish, ranging from classic greens (verdigris) to deep browns or blacks. Heat can accelerate the reaction.

4. Waxing or Lacquering: A protective layer of wax or lacquer is applied to seal the patina and prevent oxidation.

5. Sandblasting or Texturing: For a matte or rough finish, sandblasting or manual texturing tools are used.

Each technique can be combined to achieve unique effects, ensuring the sculpture’s durability and artistic vision are preserved.