Artists employ a variety of techniques to achieve captivating texture and surface variation in metal sculptures, transforming rigid materials into dynamic works of art. One common method is hammering, where tools like ball-peen hammers or chasing tools create dents, ridges, and patterns directly into the metal. Etching introduces intricate designs through chemical or mechanical processes, while repoussé involves shaping metal from the reverse side to produce raised reliefs.

For color and aging effects, patination is key. Artists apply chemicals like ferric nitrate or liver of sulfur to copper or bronze, creating rich greens, blues, or earthy tones. Alternatively, heat treatments can produce dramatic oxidation effects. Some sculptors incorporate mixed media, welding textured metals or embedding materials like glass or stone for contrast.

Modern techniques include plasma cutting for precise edges and sandblasting for uniform matte finishes. The choice of metal—whether bronze, steel, or aluminum—also influences the final texture. Through these methods, artists manipulate light reflection, tactile quality, and visual depth, turning cold metal into expressive, textured masterpieces.