Creating the illusion of depth in shallow bronze reliefs is a masterful blend of artistry and technique. Sculptors employ several methods to trick the eye into perceiving three-dimensionality on a nearly flat surface. One key approach is layering, where foreground elements are raised slightly higher than background details, establishing a subtle hierarchy.

Undercutting plays a crucial role – by carving sharp angles beneath raised edges, artists cast shadows that enhance the sense of projection. The strategic use of perspective is equally important; figures are compressed vertically while maintaining horizontal proportions to suggest receding space.

Texture variation contributes significantly to the effect. Smoother surfaces appear to recede while rougher textures advance visually. Many sculptors also employ differential polishing, making foreground elements shinier to catch more light.

The thickness of the bronze itself becomes a tool – areas hammered thinner seem to sink back, while thicker sections push forward. Finally, controlled oxidation can darken recessed areas, reinforcing the depth illusion through color contrast. These techniques, combined with the sculptor's understanding of human perception, transform flat metal into dynamic, seemingly deep compositions.