Creating depth in low-relief stone carvings is an art that transforms flat surfaces into dynamic, three-dimensional works. The most common techniques include:

1. Undercutting: By carving the edges of figures at an angle, artists create shadows that enhance the illusion of depth. This method is especially effective for emphasizing contours.

2. Layering: Carving multiple planes at varying depths adds dimension. The foreground is carved deeper, while the background remains shallow, creating a natural sense of space.

3. Texture Variation: Smoothing some areas and leaving others rough manipulates light reflection, making certain elements appear closer or farther away.

4. Perspective Lines: Using converging lines or diminishing scale (smaller details in the background) mimics natural perspective, reinforcing depth.

5. Highlight and Shadow Play: Strategic polishing or matte finishing alters how light interacts with the surface, deepening visual impact.

These techniques, rooted in ancient traditions, remain vital for modern sculptors aiming to bring stone to life with subtle yet powerful dimensionality.