Ancient stone sculptures, revered for their historical and artistic value, often face deterioration due to a combination of natural and human-induced factors. Understanding these causes is crucial for effective conservation.

1. Environmental Factors: Exposure to rain, wind, and temperature fluctuations leads to physical and chemical weathering. Acid rain, caused by pollution, accelerates erosion by dissolving calcite in limestone and marble.

2. Biological Growth: Lichens, moss, and microorganisms colonize stone surfaces, secreting acids that degrade the material over time. Roots from nearby plants can also crack and displace stone.

3. Human Activity: Vandalism, touching, and improper cleaning methods damage delicate surfaces. Urban development increases pollution and vibrations, further weakening structures.

4. Salt Crystallization: Water seepage deposits salts within the stone. As salts crystallize, they expand, causing internal fractures and surface flaking.

5. Natural Erosion: Wind-blown sand and particulate matter abrade surfaces, while freeze-thaw cycles in colder climates cause cracks to widen.

Preservation efforts, such as controlled environments, protective coatings, and regular maintenance, can mitigate these effects. By addressing these causes, we can safeguard these cultural treasures for future generations.