Wood carvers masterfully create the illusion of depth in flat or low-relief carvings through a combination of technical skill and artistic techniques. One key method is undercutting, where the artist cuts deeper at the edges of elements to cast shadows that suggest three-dimensionality. Perspective shading is another crucial technique, using gradual variations in depth to mimic how light interacts with real objects. Carvers also employ overlapping elements strategically, placing some features partially behind others to simulate spatial relationships. The careful use of texture plays a significant role too - smoother surfaces appear to recede while rougher textures come forward visually. Perhaps most importantly, skilled carvers understand how to manipulate the viewer's perception by exaggerating certain proportions and angles that would naturally appear distorted when viewed from specific vantage points in true three-dimensional objects. These techniques, combined with precise tool work and an understanding of human visual perception, allow flat carvings to appear remarkably deep and lifelike.