Antique porcelain sculptures are highly valued for their historical and artistic significance, but overpainting or retouching can significantly alter their authenticity and market value. Detecting such modifications requires a combination of scientific analysis and expert observation.

1. UV Light Examination: Ultraviolet (UV) light is a powerful tool for identifying overpainting. Original glazes and pigments fluoresce differently under UV light compared to modern retouching materials. Inconsistencies in fluorescence can reveal areas of restoration.

2. Microscopic Analysis: High-powered microscopes allow experts to examine surface textures and brushstrokes. Original antique porcelain typically exhibits fine, aged cracks (craquelure), while retouched areas may lack this characteristic or show unnatural brushwork.

3. Chemical Testing: Non-invasive techniques like X-ray fluorescence (XRF) can detect elemental composition. Discrepancies in pigments or binders between original and retouched areas indicate tampering.

4. Thermoluminescence Dating: This method measures the accumulated radiation in ceramic materials to estimate age. Overpainting or restoration may interfere with results, revealing inconsistencies.

5. Expert Visual Inspection: Trained conservators assess color matching, glaze consistency, and stylistic coherence. Subtle differences in hue or texture often betray retouching.

By combining these techniques, collectors and appraisers can confidently identify overpainting or retouching, preserving the integrity of antique porcelain sculptures. Always consult a professional for accurate authentication.