Creating the illusion of depth in shallow stone reliefs is a masterful blend of artistry and technical skill. Sculptors employ several techniques to trick the eye into perceiving three-dimensionality on a nearly flat surface.

One key method is undercutting, where edges are carved deeper to cast shadows, enhancing the sense of projection. Hierarchy of scale is another tactic—figures or elements meant to appear closer are slightly larger, mimicking natural perspective.

Linear perspective plays a crucial role, with converging lines guiding the viewer’s eye into the imagined space. Texture variation also aids the effect; smoother areas recede, while rougher surfaces appear closer.

Light and shadow manipulation is perhaps the most powerful tool. By angling cuts to catch light differently, sculptors simulate depth even in minimal relief. Ancient Greek and Roman artisans perfected these methods, as seen in iconic works like the Parthenon friezes.

Modern sculptors continue these traditions, proving that depth isn’t just physical—it’s a carefully crafted illusion.