Stone sculpture has been a cornerstone of artistic expression for centuries, with figurative and abstract techniques representing two distinct approaches. Figurative stone sculpture focuses on realism, meticulously carving stone to replicate human forms, animals, or recognizable objects with precise details. Artists employing this technique often study anatomy and proportions to achieve lifelike accuracy, as seen in classical works like Michelangelo's "David."

In contrast, abstract stone sculpture embraces symbolism and non-representational forms. Instead of mimicking reality, abstract sculptors manipulate stone to evoke emotions, ideas, or movement through shapes, textures, and negative space. Techniques like rough-hewing, polishing, or intentional asymmetry create dynamic compositions that challenge viewers' perceptions, as exemplified by Henry Moore's fluid organic abstractions.

The tools and processes also differ. Figurative sculptors rely on chisels, rasps, and measuring tools for precision, while abstract artists may employ power tools or unconventional methods to achieve bold, experimental effects. Ultimately, the choice between figurative and abstract techniques depends on the artist's intent—whether to mirror reality or transcend it through imaginative stonework.