Outdoor stone sculptures face significant risks from freeze-thaw cycles, where water penetrates the stone, freezes, expands, and causes cracks or spalling. To protect these artworks, several proven methods can be implemented.

1. Proper Sealing: Apply a high-quality penetrating sealer designed for natural stone. Silane/siloxane-based sealers repel water while allowing the stone to breathe, reducing moisture absorption. Reapply every 2-3 years depending on climate conditions.

2. Improve Drainage: Ensure sculptures are placed on well-draining bases like gravel or sloped foundations. Avoid water pooling around the base, which accelerates freeze-thaw damage.

3. Material Selection: Choose dense, low-porosity stones like granite or basalt for outdoor installations in cold climates. More porous stones like sandstone require extra protection.

4. Winter Covers: Use breathable, waterproof covers during freezing months to shield sculptures from direct moisture exposure while preventing condensation buildup.

5. Regular Maintenance: Inspect sculptures annually for cracks or erosion. Promptly repair minor damage with stone-compatible fillers to prevent water infiltration.

6. Elevated Placement: Install sculptures on pedestals in snowy regions to minimize contact with ground moisture and snow accumulation.

By combining these approaches, artists and conservators can significantly extend the lifespan of outdoor stone artworks in temperate climates. The key lies in proactive, multi-layered protection tailored to the specific stone type and environmental conditions.