Creating texture in stone carvings is a fundamental skill that transforms smooth surfaces into dynamic, lifelike artworks. The most common techniques include:

1. Chiseling: Using various chisels (point, claw, flat) to create rough or fine textures by striking the stone at different angles.

2. Bush Hammering: A toothed hammer is used to pound the surface, producing a pitted or granular texture ideal for rustic effects.

3. Abrasion: Sandpaper, grinding wheels, or abrasive stones smooth or roughen surfaces, offering control over subtle gradients.

4. Incising: Sharp tools carve fine lines or patterns, often used for intricate details like hair or fabric folds.

5. Stippling: Small, repeated dots or punches create a dotted texture, adding depth and shadow play.

6. Acid Etching: Chemicals dissolve parts of the stone, yielding organic, uneven textures, though this requires careful handling.

Artists often combine techniques, layering chisel marks with abrasion for contrast. The choice depends on the stone type (e.g., softer limestone vs. hard granite) and the desired aesthetic—whether mimicking nature or achieving abstract forms. Mastering these methods allows sculptors to evoke emotion and realism in their work.