Carvers transform flat wood panels into dynamic, three-dimensional artworks through meticulous techniques that manipulate perception. The primary method is relief carving, where artists sculpt layers at varying depths—higher areas appear closer, while recessed sections recede. Strategic undercutting enhances shadows, amplifying depth, while precise toolwork creates textures like foliage or fabric folds.

Gradated shading with stains or paints further tricks the eye, as darker tones seem deeper. Perspective carving, such as overlapping elements or diminishing scales, mimics natural depth. Master carvers often combine these methods, using chisels, gouges, and sanding to achieve lifelike illusions that defy the wood’s flat origins.