Antique porcelain sculptures are highly valued for their craftsmanship and historical significance, making it crucial to identify any repairs or alterations that may affect their authenticity and worth. Here are the most effective methods for detecting such modifications:

1. Visual Inspection Under Magnification: Use a magnifying glass or microscope to examine the surface for inconsistencies in glaze, paint, or texture. Repairs often leave subtle differences in color or brushstrokes.

2. UV Light Examination: Ultraviolet light can reveal modern adhesives or repainted areas, as these materials often fluoresce differently than original porcelain.

3. Thermoluminescence Testing: This scientific method analyzes the crystalline structure of the porcelain to determine if it has been fired recently, indicating potential restoration.

4. Weight and Sound Testing: Authentic porcelain has a distinct weight and produces a clear, resonant sound when tapped. Repaired pieces may feel heavier or sound dull due to adhesives.

5. Professional Appraisal: Consult an expert who can compare the piece to known authentic examples and identify anomalies in craftsmanship or materials.

By combining these techniques, collectors and appraisers can confidently assess the integrity of antique porcelain sculptures and avoid misrepresented pieces.