Stone sculptures have been a cornerstone of artistic expression across civilizations, with certain historical periods standing out for their unparalleled craftsmanship and cultural significance.

1. Ancient Egypt (c. 3000–30 BCE): Known for colossal statues like the Great Sphinx and intricate tomb carvings, Egyptian sculptures emphasized permanence and divinity, often crafted from limestone or granite.

2. Classical Greece (c. 480–323 BCE): The Greeks perfected marble sculpting, creating lifelike figures such as the Venus de Milo and the Parthenon friezes, embodying ideals of beauty and proportion.

3. Roman Empire (27 BCE–476 CE): Romans adapted Greek techniques, producing realistic portraits and monumental works like Trajan’s Column, showcasing narrative reliefs.

4. Renaissance (14th–17th century): Reviving classical ideals, artists like Michelangelo carved masterpieces such as *David* and *Pietà*, elevating marble sculpture to new heights of emotional depth.

5. Baroque Period (17th–18th century): Bernini’s dynamic marble works, like *Apollo and Daphne*, brought dramatic movement and theatricality to stone.

These eras not only advanced technical skills but also embedded sculptures with cultural, religious, and political narratives, leaving a timeless legacy.