Ancient civilizations mastered stone sculpture techniques that continue to inspire modern artistry. Among the most common methods was direct carving, where artisans chiseled stone freehand to create statues, often using harder stones like granite for durability. Relief sculpture was another widespread technique, with sunken or raised designs carved into flat surfaces, prominently seen in Egyptian temples and Mesopotamian palaces.

Engraving involved incising fine lines into stone, commonly used for inscriptions and detailed artwork. The Greeks and Romans perfected contrapposto, a lifelike stance for statues, while monumental sculpture produced colossal figures like Egypt’s Sphinx or the Moai of Easter Island.

Tools varied from copper chisels in early dynasties to iron tools later, enabling intricate details. These techniques not only served religious and political purposes but also preserved cultural legacies for millennia.